Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds in a University Building

A total of 34 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured in the indoor of laboratories, offices and classrooms of the Chemical Engineering Department of Hacettepe University in Ankara in 2 week-day passive sampling campaigns. The average concentrations ranged from 0.77 to 265 μg m^?3 at the different indoor sites, with the most abundant VOC found to be toluene (119.6 μg m^?3), followed by styrene (21.24 μg m^?3), 2-ethyltoluene (17.11 μg m^?3), n-hexane (10.21 μg m^?3) and benzene (9.42 μg m^?3). According to the factor analysis, the evaporation of solvents used in the laboratories was found to be the dominant source.     

Biosorption of Cu(II) on extracellular polymers from Bacillus sp. F19

Biosorption can be an effective process for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) from aqueous solution on the extracellular polymers (EPS) from Bacillus sp. (named MBFF19) with respect to pH, incubation time,concentration of initial Cu(Ⅱ), and biosorbent dose was studied. Biosorption of Cu(Ⅱ) is highly pH dependent. The maximum uptake of Cu(Ⅱ) (89.62 mg/g) was obtained at pH 4.8. Biosorption equilibrium was established in approximately 10 min. The correlation coefficient of more than 0.90 turned out that the adsorption process of Cu(Ⅱ) on MBFF19 was in accordance with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The pseudo-first and second order models were applied to examine the kinetics of the adsorption, whereas the latter was found to be in harmony with the kinetic data better. Because of the outstanding uptake capacity of Cu(Ⅱ), MBFF19 produced by Bacillus sp. was proved to be an excellent biosorbent for removing Cu(Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions.     

利用淀粉基共混物作为反硝化固体碳源的研究

合成了淀粉/聚己内酯(PCL)热塑性共混物(SPCL6),并对其性能进行了表征.研究了SPCL6作为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体用于固相反硝化工艺的可行性.结果表明,SPCL6可作为固体碳源用于去除低C/N水中的硝酸盐,在接种1 d后SPCL6就有明显的脱氮效果.进水硝氮质量浓度对反硝化速率没有明显影响,以SPCL6为固体碳源的反硝化过程符合零级反应.剪切力对反硝化速率具有显著影响,转速从70 r.min-1提高至140 r.min-1时,反硝化速率(以N计)从0.016 5 mg.(g.h)-1提升至0.0328 mg.(g.h)-1.红外光谱结果表明,微生物利用后的SPCL6中淀粉和PCL均发生了降解.     

Molecularly imprinted polymers for the detection of benomyl residues in water and soil samples

Benomyl is a benzimidazol fungicide used against various crop pathogens. Although banned in many countries, it is still widely used worldwide and is listed in different monitoring programs among the substances to be monitored to assess human exposure to pesticide residues. The assessment of benomyl is mainly based on the analysis of the residues of its most important metabolite, carbendazim. Existing methods often lack of selectivity and display a limited performance because of the presence of co-extracted compounds. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) offer an alternative methodology, adsorbing preferentially those target molecules for which the polymers are specifically prepared. In this study, we optimized the synthesis of a polymer imprinted with benomyl. Tests of specificity recognition showed a good performance for carbendazim compared with other similar pesticides. The mean recovery of benomyl (measured as carbendazim) from water samples was estimated to be 90% for MIPs while with real soil samples collected in Morocco the recovery efficiency was 62%. Preliminary tests also suggest that this MIP can implement traditional SPE techniques for assessing benomyl residual concentrations in environmental samples.     

Cellulose Fiber/Bentonite Clay/Biodegradable Thermoplastic Composites

Adding cellulose fiber reinforcement can improve mechanical properties of biodegradable plastics, but fiber must be well dispersed to achieve any benefit. The approach to dispersing fiber in this study was to use aqueous gels of sodium bentonite clay. These clay-fiber gels were combined with powdered compostable thermoplastics and calcium carbonate filler. The composite was dried, twin-screw extruded, and injection molded to make thin parts for tensile testing. An experimental design was used to determine the effect of fiber concentration, fiber length, and clay concentration. Polybutylene adipate/terephthalate copolymer (PBAT) and 70/30 polylactic acid (PLA)/PBAT blend were the biodegradable plastics studied. The composite strength decreased compared to the thermoplastics (13 vs. 19 MPa for PBAT, 27 vs. 38 MPa for the PLA/PBAT blend). The composite elongation to break decreased compared to the thermoplastics (170% vs. 831% for PBAT, 4.9% vs. 8.7% for the PLA/PBAT blend). The modulus increased for the composites compared to the thermoplastic standards (149 vs. 61 MPa for PBAT, 1328 vs. 965 MPa for the PLA/PBAT blend). All composite samples had good water resistance.     

保水剂在干旱河谷造大中的应用研究

针对在岷江上游干旱河谷土壤水分状况是坡地植被恢复的主要限制因子的现状，对保水剂在干旱河谷造林中的应用进行了试验研究，结果表明，sk-4保水剂质量分数(w)在5×10-4～1×10-2范围内，保水剂的持水和供水能力随着浓度的增加而提高，但过高质量分数的保水剂使用后未发现土壤有效供水能力的提高.保水剂sk-4在w=5×10-3即能达到较理想的保水和供水效果，浓度过高仅仅增加土壤残余含水量.野外应用表明，适当浓度的保水剂可以有效提高土壤保水能力和供水能力，提高苗木根冠比和成活率.图1表5参10     

亲水聚合物改性微滤膜在膜生物反应器中的膜污染研究

采用经过聚合多巴胺和氨基聚乙二醇(mPEG-NH_2)表面改性的PVDF微滤膜,通过浸没在膜生物反应器(MBR)中验证改性微滤膜的抗污染性能.同时,采用多种分析手段对改性膜进行表征,包括膜表面微观形貌、润湿性、粗糙度和表面官能团等.实验同时考察了改性膜在MBR中运行的水通量衰减、污染膜的阻力分布,以及对膜面污染物的胞外多聚物组分的影响.结果发现,所采用的膜改性方法明显改善了膜表面的亲水性.短期过滤实验结果表明,多巴胺涂覆膜的稳定通量比原膜高47%,PEG改性膜则在水通量方面有进一步提高;在长期恒通量过滤阶段,多巴胺涂覆膜和PEG接枝膜的比膜通量分别比原膜高37%和88%.实验还发现,改性膜表面滤饼层中蛋白质和多糖含量均低于原膜.     

无排泥运行下膜生物反应器的硝化代谢产物及细菌活性

采用膜生物反应器处理人工配制的无机NH₄⁺-N废水,在NH₄⁺-N浓度为500mg/L、无排泥条件下运行200d(HRT从30h逐步降至7h),系统内污泥浓度从最初的4 500mg/L上升至10 500mg/L.但是,单位污泥中以INTF吸光值表达的活性硝化菌数并未增加,从最初的23×10^-3降至1×10^-3;总NH₄⁺-N转化速率也从2.1kg/(L·d)降至1.5kg/(L·d).同时,反应器中胞外分泌产物(ECP)(糖和蛋白之和反应)从300 mg/L升至600mg/L. 利用上清液以及ECP提取液进行的批量试验结果表明,ECP过多抑制了硝化细菌活性.     

Selective removal of diclofenac from contaminated water using molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres

A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized by precipitation polymerization using diclofenac (DFC) as a template. Binding characteristics of the MIP were evaluated using equilibrium binding experiments. Compared to the non-imprinted polymer (NIP), the MIP showed an outstanding affinity towards DFC in an aqueous solution with a binding site capacity (Q_max) of 324.8 mg/g and a dissociation constant (K_d) of 3.99 mg/L. The feasibility of removing DFC from natural water by the MIP was demonstrated by using river water spiked with DFC. Effects of pH and humic acid on the selectivity and adsorption capacity of MIP were evaluated in detail. MIP had better selectivity and higher adsorption efficiency for DFC as compared to that of powdered activated carbon (PAC). In addition, MIP reusability was demonstrated for at least 12 repeated cycles without significant loss in performance, which is a definite advantage over single-use activated carbon.     

Evaluation of Poly(lactic acid) and Sugar Beet Pulp Green Composites

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and sugar beet pulp (SBP) were compounded by twin-screw extrusion and injection molded into composite forms. Specific mechanical energy decreased with the addition of SBP during processing. PLA–SBP composites retained more tensile strength than expected based on the Nicolais–Narkis model especially at high levels of SBP suggesting adhesion between SBP and PLA. The thermal characteristics of PLA were not affected by thermo-mechanical processing or by the incorporation of SBP up to 30% weight basis. PLA and PLA–SBP composites had similar tensile properties to other thermoplastic resins and may be used as a cost-competitive replacement.